Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamil Pícha Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Author-Name: Leoš Vítek Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Hana Doležalová Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Author-Name: Josef Navrátil Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Author-Name: Roman Švec Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Title: The Retail Sales in the Czech Republic and the European Union and the Comparison of Evolution Title: Maloobchodní tržby v České republice a Evropské unii a komparace vývoje Abstract: The paper deals with the evolution of the retail sales in the Czech Republic and the European Union. Retail sales are a very important element of the total performance of a national economy. The aim of this article is to analyze the tendency of the retail sales and to compare their evolution in the Czech Republic with the results of the whole European Union. The paper presents graphical analysis studying relations between the retail sales and the macroeconomic development (GDP growth rate and unemployment rate) as well as the expectations of the households. As concerns the factors of the retail sales evolution, there is some positive correlation with the evolution of the general economic performance. However, there is no provable relation between the growth or decrease of the retail sales and the unemployment in both the EU and the Czech Republic. Classification-JEL: C35,G32,G33 Keywords: Retail Sales, Macroeconomic Development, Households Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 3-13 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.010 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.010.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.010.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:3-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luboš Smutka Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Author-Name: Michal Steininger Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Author-Name: Eva Rosochatecká Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Author-Name: Anna Belová Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Title: Food Price Analysis in Czech Retail Chains - Selected Development Aspects Title: Analýza cen potravin v českých retailových řetězcích - vybrané aspekty vývoje Abstract: Czech food market is significantly influenced by EU market development. Food prices tend to converge to the long-term average of prices in the EU market and they copy EU price trends. The paper aims to identify the relationship between the development of prices in the global market and EU market. Another aim is to analyze the development of prices in the retail market in the Czech Republic and to identify the basic trends in selected food products. The article focuses primarily on the elasticity of selected foodstuff aggregations in relation to global prices development. There is also analyzed the impact of changes in rates of VAT from 10 % to 14 % on food prices in general and prices of selected products in selected retail companies. The results of analyzes show that Czech food market reacts sensitively to changes in food prices on global markets as well as on the EU market. It should be highlighted that the influence of EU market on Czech food price development is much higher than the influence of global market. The growth rate of VAT is not completely absorbed by traders and producers and the certain portion of VAT rate growth is transferred into final consumer prices. Classification-JEL: Q11,Q13,Q18 Keywords: Food, Price, Development, Influence, Factors, Sensitivity Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 15-32 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.011 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.011.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.011.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:15-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Bergami Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Title: Incoterms 2010: The Newest Revision of Delivery Terms Abstract: This paper considers the changes between the Incoterms 2000 and the Incoterms 2010 from a risk management perspective, and highlights the challenges that traders may encounter when dealing with some of these terms. For example, the problematic FOB term and its use in containerisation is not likely to have been totally resolved, although the Incoterms 2010 have attempted to ameliorate the situation. The new terms DAT (Delivered at Terminal) and DAP (Delivered at Place) should be useful for cross border transactions within Customs Union blocs, such as the European Union. The paper concludes that the new Incoterms 2010 provide improved definitions, and more effectively contextualise the use of old terms that are out of synch with today's modern practices. However, if traders continue to cling to their old habits and fail to update their delivery terms and arrangements to reflect contemporary practices, much of the work and progress that the ICC has put into this change process will be lost. Classification-JEL: F10,F13 Keywords: Incoterms 2010, Delivery Terms, Risk Management Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 33-40 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.012 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.012.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.012.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:33-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markéta Lhotáková Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Petr Král Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Yana Shamina Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Author-Name: Maria Tisovsky Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics, Prague Title: Analysis of Media Coverage of the Czech Republic and its Potential Impact on Perception of Czech Republic Abstract: This paper will analyze theoretical concept of country of origin as a brand and its influence on brand image of products originating from the country. It will deeper review the role of media in establishing the perception of country of origin in general and its potential use as a tool contributing to achievement of targeted image of a country. Primary research concentrated on monitoring of influential international media with the aim to identify events that have potential to influence perception of Czech Republic by foreign public. Within the scope of monitored media, we found out, that the most common topics in all of them related to Czech Republic covered sports followed by topics concerning politics and international affairs Media audit showed, that to positive impression about Czech republic contributed mostly articles covering success of Czech sportsmen and meeting of US and Russian presidents in Prague, while to negative mostly articles covering corruption and fraud scandals, some sports topics and visa and immigration policies. From these results arises, that PR coverage of Czech Republic in monitored media is not contributing to achievement of the targets defined within the scope of "Export strategy of Czech Republic for the period of 2006-2010" in section of "Building of a quality brand ČR in the world", specifically "increase in positive awareness of Czech Republic and improvement of image of Czech Republic abroad (MPO, 2006)". Classification-JEL: M31 Keywords: Media Monitoring, Media Audit, Czech Republic, Country of Origin, Country Image Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 41-54 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.013 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.013.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.013.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:41-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Lees Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Author-Name: Torgier Watnee Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Title: What happens to a Radio Station's Share and Cumulative Audience When a New Radio Station Enters the Marketplace? Abstract: This paper considers the share order effect on existing radio stations' market share and cumulative audience when a new radio station enters an existing market. The share order effect model (SOE) predicts that all brands will lose market share to a new entrant, in direct proportion to their size before the new entrant's launch. The concept of proportional loses is also consistent with the empirical duplication analyses such as Ehrenberg's (1959) Duplication of Purchase Law, as shown by the Dirichlet model (Goodhardt, Ehrenberg and Chatfield, 1981). However, the SOE model may not hold true in all situations, especially where some products could be considered more similar than others. Such an exception could apply to radio markets where many stations have similar formats, for example, rock, easy listening or classic hits. In New Zealand, commercial radio stations are now primarily owned by two media organisations - Radio Works and The Radio Network. These two organisations control the majority of the country's 15 commercial networks. While some networks broadcast nationally, on a range of different frequencies, others broadcast in only four or five out of the over 25 marketplaces. However, over the past decade the two media organisations have extended their network coverage into almost all of the regional marketplaces. This paper examines how a newly launched radio station in one New Zealand commercial radio market impacted on the market share and cumulative audience of the existing stations. It tests the hypothesis that all radio stations will lose market share to a new entrant, in direct proportion to their size before the new entrant's launch. The selected marketplace has a 10+ population of 360,000 with 20 commercial radio stations. The data used in this research comes from the Research International official radio audience surveys which were collected during both 2009 and 2010. The surveys in the marketplace were undertaken during the same time frame each year. The preliminary results support the hypothesis. The correlations between the actual market share and cumulative audience and the predicted market share and cumulative audience were 0.960 and 0.962 respectively, whilst the Mean Absolute Deviations were 3.21 and 4.85 respectively. While the mean absolute deviation (MAD) and the correlation show a good fit, consideration also needs to be given to the average market shares and cumulative audience. The averages were; market share 6.1 and cumulative audience 10.5 - reflecting the intense degree of competition. However, these low average market shares and cumulative audiences mean that the actual sample sizes for each station are also low.While it does not conclusively show that the SOE model holds true in radio markets, this research adds to our body of knowledge. It indicates that while other variables may also affect the overall market share and cumulative audience, a new station entering an existing market will largely draw its audience from the existing stations in proportion to their market share and cumulative audience. Classification-JEL: M31 Keywords: Share Order Effect, Dirichlet Model of Consumer Behaviour, Duplication of Purchase, Radio Markets Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 55-60 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.014 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.014.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.014.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:55-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Schüller Author-Workplace-Name: Brno University of Technology Author-Name: Vladimír Chalupský Author-Workplace-Name: Brno University of Technology Title: Marketing Communication Management of Higher Education Institutions Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse how marketing communication (MC) activities are managed at public universities and their economics faculties in the Czech Republic. The main emphasis is placed on the process of planning and control. The further aim is to identify the main issues in this field. It will also seek to specify new marketing communication tools for use in higher education (HE) in the future. This paper is based on qualitative research, whereby management and communications staff working for marketing departments at higher educational institutions were questioned by way of an individual structured interview. The results are summarised and elaborated on in written and tabular form. The qualitative research revealed that many Czech universities do not have a systematic management procedure for marketing communication planning and control. Furthermore, there are several areas in the marketing communication management of higher educational institutions which should be substantially improved upon. These primarily include higher involvement of professionals such as marketing experts from the private sector; implementation of market orientation tools; more widespread use of integrated marketing communications etc. Classification-JEL: M37 Keywords: Higher Education, Marketing Communication Management, Planning, Control, Czech Republic Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 61-69 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.015 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.015.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.015.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:61-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lea Kubíčková Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno Author-Name: Aleš Peprný Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno Author-Name: Šárka Nováková Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno Title: Evaluation Model of the Success of SMEs in the Internationalization Process Abstract: The paper deals with evaluating the success of small and medium-sized enterprises in the international process. The process of internationalization of small and medium-sized businesses is frequently discussed topic. In this article is discussed a simple evaluation model that could be used by SMEs to determine not only how strong are they compared to competitors, but also at what level are their success factors in the process of internationalization. A lot of SMEs have problems to identify the key success factors in the process of internationalization, as well as to determine in what areas, that success in foreign markets determine, have their strengths and weaknesses, therefore we decided to focus on this problem and there is presented a proposal of a simple model of performance evaluation of small and medium-sized enterprises in this paper. The key success factors of internationalization process are identified according to a survey of 40 small and medium engineering companies and also the use of the knowledge of literature and similar surveys conducted abroad. The key success factors of internationalization process were grouped into 4 categories: 1) Key employee, 2) Internationalization rate, 3) International marketing, 4) Efficiency of foreign trade. The proposed rating system because of its graphical output simply shows what the area has a rated entity weaknesses and where its strengths has. The model was applied to data obtained from a above mentioned survey and in the paper there are presented specific examples of graphical output of the model for selected companies. For SMEs it is often difficult to succeed and then to maintain the position in the foreign markets than for large multinational companies. Large enterprises have more opportunities to detailed analysis and evaluation of factors that have to determine their success in the field of internationalization. In the current literature there are not many models which SMEs have shown how easily assess their situation in internationalization process. The authors followed up on previous efforts to design assessment method of evaluating the international success of small and medium sized enterprises (Peprný, Kubíčková and Rovný, 2010), however they tried to simplify the previously presented method to be applicable to SMEs in practice and they have tried to adapt the evaluation model to the needs of small and medium sized companies. The proposed rating system could be further adjusted in practice. It is possible to modify the weight of individual blocks as needed for particular businesses. Classification-JEL: M16 Keywords: Internationalization Process, Key Factors of Success, Evaluating Model, SMEs Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 71-81 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.016 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.016.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.016.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:71-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Drahoš Vaněček Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Author-Name: Pavel Fára Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Title: Some Essentials Charakteristicks of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Title: Některé základní charakteristiky malých a středních podniků 1 Abstract: Small and medium sized enterprises were investigated by means of university students who helped managers to fulfill 185 questionnaires. Questionnaires were sorted according to the size of firms into 4 groups [1-9, 10-24, 25-49, 50-249 employees] and according to the branches [Industrial production, Building firms, Woodwork, Food processing firms, Retail business, Services including transportation]. The main indicators concern the size of firms, number of employees, productivity, legal form, number of managers, form of production, foreign country activities and strategy of enterprises. Interesting results were received especially in classification according to branches, where firms in Engineering production and Services substantially differ from others. Classification according to the size showed better results in enterprises with more employees. Enterprises should take these differences into account when applying new methods of organization and management. Classification-JEL: L25,M19 Keywords: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Number of Managers, Legal Form, Number of Employees, Strategy of the Firm, Guality Certification, Type of Production, Materials Flow Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 83-94 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.017 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.017.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.017.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:83-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miroslav Svatoš Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Author-Name: Luboš Smutka Author-Workplace-Name: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Title: Structure and Competitiveness of Mutual Agrarian Trade of Visegrad Countries Abstract: Agricultural trade in the case of all of the analyzed countries (the Visegrad group, or only V4) represents only a minor part of the merchandise trade. The overwhelming majority of agricultural trade - export as well as import - je conducted in relation to EU countries. V4 market is also important for all analyzed countries. The share V4 market in individual V4 countries merchandise trade performance is about one fifth. If we focus on the actual objective of the article, which is to identify the comparative advantages of agricultural trade of the V4 countries in the area of commodity structure and territorial structure in relation to "their own internal market" of the V4 group countries, the following may be stated. Within the scope of mutual trade competition (2010), Poland is of course in the best positions (it controls about one third of total exports realized within V4 market). Taking in consideration the mutual trade balance among individual countries - results are the following (2000 - 2010). Polish and Czech agrarian trade is able to reach positive trade balance in relation to V4 market on the other hand Hungarian and Slovakian agrarian trade is in deficit. If we focus further on the distribution of the comparative advantages within the scope of mutual trade of the V4 countries - then it may be stated that Poland clearly dominates. Hungarian export in relation to the market of the V4 countries is also able to gain comparative advantages in some years. However, Czech and Slovak agricultural trade as a whole profile themselves as uncompetitive within the whole area of the V4 countries. But it should be mentioned that despite of Czech and Slovak total agrarian trade is not competitive, individual its segments are able to reach comparative advantages especially at the bilateral level. Classification-JEL: F10,F15,Q17,Q18 Keywords: Agricultural Trade, Visegrad Group, Competitiveness, Structure, Commodities, Territories Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 95-106 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.018 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.018.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.018.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:95-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Stávková Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno Author-Name: Zuzana Procházková Author-Workplace-Name: Mendel University in Brno Title: Income differentiation of households in various regions of the Czech Republic Abstract: The paper deals with income differentiation of households in different regions of the Czech Republic. Actual analysis are based on previous considerations about the origins and dynamics of income disparities in the Czech republic, about the method used to definethe group of respondents, the characteristics of the file with an emphasis on the income variable, the share of social transfers in disposable income, indicators of inequality and poverty assessment of vulnerable households. The primary data sourceare the survey results European Union - Statistics onIncome and Living Conditions in 2005 and 2008. This investigation has become obligatory for the Czech Republic after joining the European Union since 2005. The investigation provides long-term comparative data on income and social situation of households. According to common methodology applied within other EU countries results are compare even between EU member states. To achieve the objectives there will be used following methods: descriptive statistics on the characteristics of income (disposable income of households, the share of social transfers in household disposable income, net cash income of households, average income, revenue deficits). For monitoring the level of income inequality and deepness of poverty will be used Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. Mentioned characteristics will be compared within the regions of the Czech Republic and the trend will be formulated for the period 2005 - 2008. Household income is one of the decisive factors determining the style of family life, their priorities, to meet their needs, and eisure-time activities. Differences between regions determine preferences and identify opportunities. Classification-JEL: I31,I32 Keywords: Poverty, Poverty Line, At-risk-of Poverty, Income Situation of Households, Income situation of Population Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 107-119 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.019 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.019.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.019.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0010.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:107-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Segu Zuhair Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Author-Name: Riccardo Natoli Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Title: Issues with Debt Funding: Some Empirical Evidence Post-GFC Abstract: The recent debt-crisis, referred to as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), resulted in significant worldwide impacts. The main reason for the crisis was, ironically, the ease with which debt was made available, especially to those with a poor credit history. The crisis then resulted in a shortage of funds or an unwillingness to make credit available. This type of behaviour reflects a general withdrawal by international banks and other lending bodies from any type of activity, regardless of the type of lending and of risk where a withdrawal by one player tends to trigger similar actions by others. The purpose of the present paper is to examine debt funding in Australia post-GFC by first conducting a review of the extant literature followed by the results of an empirical study. The study was conducted among a sample of 59 Australian firms across more than 12 industries covering credit up to 10 years long. The result showed that nearly a third of the firms were in need of additional fund of which nearly half were in the region of $50m to $500m (AU$), with a maturity of up to three years. The most popular sources of funds are the domestic banks (70 %) and international banks (45 %). These outcomes are affected by the credit rating and the size of the firms, measured by gross annual turnover. The firms with a lower credit rating tend to exclude themselves from seeking high quality credit. The level of credit sought by the firms does not seem to be a factor determining the availability of credit. Classification-JEL: G32 Keywords: Debt Crisis, Debt Funding, Global Financial Crisis Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 121-128 Volume: 15 Issue: 2 Year: 2012 DOI: 10.32725/acta.2012.020 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.020.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.32725/acta.2012.020.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201202-0011.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:121-128