Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Bergami Author-Workplace-Name: Victoria University, Melbourne Title: International Delivery Risks: The Case of Delivered Duty Paid in Australia Abstract: The choice of delivery terms in international contracts has significant impact on both physical and financial risks for importers and exporters. This paper considers implications resulting from a recent Australian tribunal case involving transactions based on Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) terms (Incoterms). This case highlights how importers may become exposed to unexpected financial penalties caused by incorrect processes from foreign suppliers that result in duty and taxation payment shortfalls. The discussion focuses on the risk elements related to DDP for importers and the interpretation of legislation and policy documents. A chronological timeline of events is provided to explain the changes in policies and interpretation related to ownership as defined by Australian customs legislation. The conclusion is that, due to customs considerations and the decision of the tribunal in this case, DDP may no longer be a viable option for international trade transactions, not only in Australia, but also in other nations. Classification-JEL: K12 Keywords: international delivery terms, delivery risks, customs policy, fraudulent invoices, incorrect customs declarations, Incoterms Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 1-9 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acta-2016-0005 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0005.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0005.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201601-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Lukáčik Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics in Bratislava Author-Name: Karol Szomolányi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics in Bratislava Author-Name: Adriana Lukáčiková Author-Workplace-Name: University of Economics in Bratislava Title: Terms-of-Trade Shocks and Slovak Economy Abstract: Using the structural vector auto-regression analysis of the terms-of-trade, trade balance, output, consumption and investment cyclical components we show that the relationship between the terms-of-trade and trade balance is negative and that the terms-of-trade shocks explain only a small fraction of business cycles in the Slovak economy. We use quarterly data in constant prices in the period 1997-2014. The results are in line with the theoretical and empirical studies in the contemporary world economic literature. The negative relationship between the terms-of-trade and the trade balance confirms a theoretical Obstfeld-Svensson-Razin effect. The positive effect of a change in the terms-of-trade on the trade balance - so called Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect - is the smaller, the more persistent terms-of-trade shocks are. By capital adjustment costs, the theoretical effect may be even negative. A modest contribution of the terms-of-trade shocks to the business-cycle fluctuations in Slovakia is in line with other empirical papers around the world. Classification-JEL: C32,E32,F14 Keywords: Terms of Trade, Business Cycle, Slovak Economy, Trade Balance Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 10-19 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acta-2016-0006 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0006.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0006.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201601-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:10-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michaela Jánská Author-Workplace-Name: Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Author-Name: Petra Olšová Author-Workplace-Name: Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Title: Influence of segmentation factors on leaflet distribution Abstract: In marketing communication it is important to know what and how to inform the customer, it means to know the target audience, where it is located and how it is possible to reach it. The most commonly used form of addressing the customer in the retail is a leaflet action. This article aims to highlight the use of segmentation aspects by retail in the selected region for the best implementation of selected communication mix - direct marketing. An analysis of secondary data - professional literature and studies dealing with the meaning of communication in the company, specifically marketing communication with a focus on direct marketing in the retail - was executed to fulfil the objectives of the article. Results from a questionnaire survey that examined the influence of spatial data on the purchasing behaviour of customers in Ústí nad Labem - City will be used as primary data. Survey results indicate the fact that it was necessary to collect spatial data on the segment. A selected market was examined in the questionnaire survey mainly in terms of geography and demography and impact of these criteria on the leaflet distribution process application. Geographical segmentation provided information on the spatial distribution of retail shops in the city. Socio-demographic segmentation offered information about age, gender, status, and education of customers who shop in the supermarkets. Classification-JEL: M30,M31,M37 Keywords: Market segmentation, buying decisions, supermarkets, direct marketing, distribution of leaflets Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 20-29 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acta-2016-0007 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0007.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0007.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201601-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:20-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdaléna Drastichová Author-Workplace-Name: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava Title: Sustainability Evaluation of the European Union based on the Ecological Footprint Abstract: Recent production and consumption activities impose a heavy burden on the Earth's current and future capacity. Therefore, it is inevitable to deal with the impacts of the economic activities on the natural resources which determine our future well-being and the survival by itself. The indicators reflecting impacts of regions and countries on the available resources are used in this Paper to operationalize the sustainable development concept. The Ecological Footprint, Total Biocapacity and their components are investigated in the European Union (EU) and its countries and the EU region is compared with the other regions of the world. The additional three developed countries - Norway, Switzerland and the United States (US), were included in the sample together with the EU countries to enable extended comparisons. The aim of the Paper is to evaluate sustainability in the EU and its countries by means of the Ecological Footprint and the available biocapacity and to detect the relations between the countries' EF and their standard of living and human development level. Concerning the regions, the highest Ecological Footprint per capita is typical of North America followed by the EU region. The Northern countries show largest biocapacities and are thus the largest resource creditors. The worst results in the Ecological Footprint - biocapacity relations analysis are typical of Cyprus, Belgium, Netherlands and Italy. The cross-section regression models confirmed that, at least, in the sample of the developed countries the positive relations between the Ecological Footprint on the one hand and the standard of living / state of the human development on the other hand exist. Classification-JEL: C21,Q51 Keywords: Sustainable Development, Sustainability, Ecological Footprint, Biological Capacity, European Union Journal: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Pages: 30-40 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acta-2016-0008 File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0008.html File-Format: text/html File-URL: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/doi/10.1515/acta-2016-0008.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf X-File-Ref: http://acta.ef.jcu.cz/RePEc/boh/references/aub-201601-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:boh:actaub:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:30-40