Acta Univ. Bohem. Merid. 2020, 23(2):1-13 | DOI: 10.2478/acta-2020-00031493
Gender, Education and Marital Status as Determinants of Job Satisfaction
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Economics, Department of Management, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice
Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Employee, Gender, Education Level, Marital Status
The issue of job satisfaction has been discussed by the researchers and managers of organizations for several decades. There are many different approaches to the issue. Currently, it is possible to find the research dealing with psychological aspects determining the level of job satisfaction, the research analysing the role of satisfaction and work motivation and the research focused on the consequences of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This paper describes how the job satisfaction of employees differs (if so) depending on their gender, level of education and marital status. It was found that people with university education rate their job satisfaction better, than people without university education. Similarly, people in a relationship evaluate their job satisfaction better than people without a relationship. No significant differences in general job satisfaction were found between men and women. The data for the research are based on a questionnaire survey, attended by 4,728 respondents from the Czech Republic working in various industries and in the enterprises of various sizes.
JEL classification: J28, L2
Published: May 4, 2021 Show citation
References
- Andrade, M. S., Westover, J. H., & Peterson, J. (2019). Job satisfaction and gender. Journal of Business Diversity, 19(3), 22-40.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Barbano, L. M., & Da Cruz, D. M. C. (2019). Time use, purchasing power, and job satisfaction: Correlation and comparison between working women with children and working women without children. Work, 62(4), 563-571.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Borooah, V. K. (2009). Comparing levels of job satisfaction in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 30(4), 304-325.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Brush, D. H., Moch, M. K., & Pooyan, A. (1987). Individual demographic differences and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 8(2), 139-155.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Carleton, C.J. & Clain, S. H. (2012). Women, men, and job satisfaction. Eastern Economic Journal, 38(3), 331-355.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Carvajal, M, J., Popovici, I., & Hardigan, P. C. (2019). Gender and age variations in pharmacists' job satisfaction in the United States. Pharmacy, 7(2), 46-57.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341-372.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Clegg, S. R., & Bailey, J. R. (2008). International Encyclopedia of Organizational Studies. London: SAGE Publications.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Čábelková, I., Abrhám, J., & Strielkowski, W. (2015). Factors influencing job satisfaction in post-transition economies: The case of the Czech Republic. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergnonomics: JOSE, 21(4), 448-456.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Čadová-Horáková, N. (2006). Aspect of job satisfaction. Press release. Prague: Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
- Drobnič, S., Beham, B., & Präg, P. (2010). Good job, goodlife? Working conditions and quality of life in Europe. Social Indicators Research, 99(2), 205-225.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Eskildsen, J. K., Kristensen, K., & Westlund, A. H. (2003). Work motivation and job satisfaction in the Nordic countries. Employee Relations, 26(2), 122-136.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Eskildsen, J. K., Kristensen, K., & Antvor, H. G. (2010). The relationship between job satisfaction and national culture. The TQM Journal, 22(4), 369-378.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Feng, Z., & Savani, K. (2020). Covid-19 created a gender gap in perceived work productivity and job satisfaction: implications for dual-career parents working from home. Gender in Management, 35(7/8).  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Forgionne, G., & Peeters, V. (1982). Differences in job motivation and satisfaction among female and male managers. SAGE Journals, 35(2), 101-118.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Franěk, M., Mohelská, H., Zubr, V., Bachmann, P., & Sokolová, M. (2014). Organizational and Sociodemographic Determinants of Job Satisfaction in the Czech Republic. SAGE Open Journal, 4(3),1-12.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Franěk, M., & Večeřa, J. (2008). Personal characteristics and job satisfaction. E & M Ekonomie a Management, 11(4), 63-76.
- Hauret, L., & Williams, D. R. (2017). Cross-national analysis of gender differences in job satisfaction. Industtrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 56(2), 203-235.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Herzberg, F. (1959). The Motivation To Work. New York: Wiley.
- Hulin, C. L. & Smith, P. C. (1964). Sex differences in job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48(2), 88-92.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Chou, H. H., Fang, S. C., & Yeh, T. K. (2019). The effects of facades of conformity on employee voice and job satisfaction: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Management Decision, 58(3), 495-509.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Ilies, R., Yao, J., Curseu, P., & Liag, A. (2019). Educated and happy: A four-year study explaining the linsk between education, job fit, and life satisfaction. Applied Psychology, 68(1), 150-176.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Kifle, T., & Desta, I. H. (2012). Gender differences in domains of job satisfaction: Evidence from doctoral graduates from Australian universities. Economic Analysis & Policy, 42(3), 319-338.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Kollárik, T. (1986). Spokojnosť v práci. Bratislava: Práca.
- Lange, T. (2009). Attitudes, attributes and institutions: Determining job satisfaction in Central and Eastern Europe. Employee Relations, 31(1), 81-97.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In: Dunnette, M. D., Ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
- Maslow, A. (1943). A Theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Medgyesi, M., & Róbert, P. (2003). Satisfaction with work in a European perspective: Center and periphery, "old" and "new" market economies compared. Review of Sociology, 9(1), 43-68.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Miao, Y., Li, L., & Bian, Y. (2017). Gender differences in jobquality and job satisfaction among doctors in rural western China. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 848-857.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Mora, T., & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2009). The job satisfaction gender gap among young recent university graduates: Evidence from Catalonia. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(4), 581-589.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Možný, I. (1999). Proč tak snadno? Praha: Slon.
- Murray, M. A., & Atkinson, T. (1981). Gender differences in correlates of job satisfaction. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 13(1), 44-52.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Nakonečný, M. (2005). Sociální psychologie organizace. Praha: Grada.
- Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(1), 159-184.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Pleck, J. H., Staines, G. L., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labor Revies, 103, 29-32.
- Redmond, P., & McGuinness, S. (2020). Explaining the gender gap in job satisfaction. Applied Economics Letters, 27(7), 1415-1418.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Schmitt, N., & Pulakos, E.D. (1985). Predicting job satisfaction from life satisfaction: is there a general satisfaction factor? International Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 155-167.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Smith, D. B., & Plant, W.T. (1982). Sex differences in the job satisfaction of university professors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 249-251.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Sokolová, M., & Mohelská, H. (2019). Job satisfaction as an innovatiove approach to the management - case study Czech Republic 2013-2017. 17th International Scientific Conference on Hradec Economic Days. Hradec Králové: University of Hradec Králové.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Sokolová, M., Mohelská, H., & Zubr, V. (2016). Pay and offer of benefits as significant determinants of job satisfaction - a case study in the Czech Republic. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 19(1), 108-120.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Štikar, J., Rymeš, M., Riegel, K., & Hoskovec, J. (2003). Psychologie ve světě práce. Praha: Karolinum.
- Večerník, J. (2003). Skating on thin ice: A comparison of work values and job satisfaction in CEE and EU countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 44(5), 444-471.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Weaver, Ch. (1978). Sex differences in the determinants of job satisfaction. The Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 265-274.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Welch, B. L. (1947). The Generalization of Student's Problem when Several Different Population Variances are Involved. Biometrika, 34(1-2), 28-35.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Wharton, A. S., Rotolo, T., & Bird, S. R. (2000). Social context at work: a multilevel analysis of job satisfaction. Sociological Forum, 15(1), 65-90.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
- Zou, M. (2015) Gender, work orientations and job satisfaction. Work Employment & Society, 29(1), 3-22.  Go to original source... Go to original source...
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

